You decide to use the transistor bc548. This article focuses exclusively on biasing and if you have gaps in your knowledge then i recommend reading the earlier pages of this multi page article.

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Transistors are one of the most important circuit board components and replaced vacuum tubes in the mid 20th century allowing for the true miniaturization of electronics.

Transistor bc548 switch. As discussed a transistor will act as an open switch during forward bias and as a closed switch during reverse bias this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. Transistor as a switch biasing. Bc548 transistor can be used in many general purpose applications.
Bc548 as switch when a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the saturation and cut off region as explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an open switch during forward bias and as a closed switch during reverse bias this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. Bc548 as switch when a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the saturation and cut off region as explained above.
Now coming to my problem that at second stage where i used transistor as a switch actually transistor is not working as a switch. The led shown there must be onoff but its nor happen here. Usually an npn transistor in a common emitter configuration used as a switch drives the relay.
The bc548 transistor is a semiconductor that works to switch electronic signals and in some cases amplify them. As discussed a transistor will act as an open switch during forward bias and as a closed switch during reverse bias this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. A transistor switch which is used for opening or closing of a circuit that means the transistor is commonly used as a switch in the electronic devices only for the low voltage applications because of its low power consumptiontransistor work as a switch when it is in cutoff and saturation regions.
Here is a simple circuit that uses a bipolar junction transistor bjt to drive a small 5 v relay coil. Bc558 as switch when a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the saturation and cut off region as explained above. Biasing a transistor to operate as an ideal switch involves understanding transistor characteristics graphs.
A cheap general purpose transistor such as the bc548 is capable of controlling a small relay with a holding current of less than 300 ma. You can use it in the replacement of other general purpose transistor 2n3904 bc547 etc. When i changed pot value thn intensity of the led changes only it not goes onoff.
A part from that it can be used as a switch to drive load under 500ma.

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